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Cosmopolitan democracy is a political theory which explores the application of norms and values of democracy at the transnational and global sphere. Cosmopolitan democracy argues that global governance of the people, by the people, for the people is possible and needed. Writers advocating cosmopolitan democracy include Immanuel Kant,〔Immanuel Kant, ( ''Immanuel Kant, To perpetual peace: a philosophical sketch'' ), Hackett Publishing, 2003.〕 David Held,〔Daniele Archibugi & David Held, eds., ( ''Cosmopolitan Democracy. An Agenda for a New World Order'' ), Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995.〕〔( David Held, ''Democracy and the Global Order'' ), Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995〕 Daniele Archibugi,〔Daniele Archibugi, ( ''The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy'' ), Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2008〕 Richard Falk,〔Richard Falk, ''On Humane Governance'', Polity Press, Cambridge, 1998〕 and Mary Kaldor.〔Mary Kaldor, ''New and Old Wars'', Polity Press, Cambridge, 1999〕 In the Cosmopolitan Democracy model, decisions are made by those affected, avoiding a single hierarchical form of authority. According to the nature of the issues at stake, democratic practice should be reinvented to take into account the will of stakeholders. This can be done either through direct participation or through elected representatives.〔Daniele Archibugi, (Principles of Cosmopolitan Democracy ).〕 The model advocated by cosmopolitan democrats is confederal and decentralized—global governance without world government—unlike those models of global governance supported by classic World Federalism thinkers, such as Albert Einstein. ==Origin and development== The victory of Western liberal states ending the Cold War inspired the hope that international relations could be guided by the ideals of democracy and the rule of law. In the early 1990s, a group of thinkers developed the political project of cosmopolitan democracy with the aim of providing intellectual arguments in favour of an expansion of democracy, both within states and at the global level. While some significant successes have been achieved in terms of democratization within states, much less has been attained in democratizing the global system. In different forms, the necessity to expand democratic procedures beyond the nation-state has been supported by political philosopher Jürgen Habermas,〔Jürgen Habermas, ''The Post-National Constellation'', MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2001〕 and sociologist Ulrich Beck.〔Ulrich Beck, ''World Risk Society'', Polity Press, Cambridge, 1999〕 Criticisms of cosmopolitan democracy have come from realist, marxist, communitarian and multicultural perspectives. Democratic theorist Robert Dahl〔Robert Dahl, Can International Organizations be Democratic?, in Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordón (eds) (1999) ''Democracy’s Edges''. New York: Cambridge University Press.〕 has manifested his doubts about the possibility to expand significantly democracy in international organizations, as he believes that democracy diminishes with size. Opponents of Dahl's approach point to the fact that bigger countries are not necessarily less democratic. For example, there is no correlation between voters' turnout and population size, in fact voter's turnout is smallest in countries with less than 100,000 citizens. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「cosmopolitan democracy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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